The Age of Reformation Essay -- essays research papers

The Age of Reformation The Age of Reformation - strict unrest in Western Europe in the sixteenth penny. Starting as a change development inside the Roman Catholic Church, the Reformation eventually prompted opportunity of difference. The groundwork for the development was long and there had been before calls for change, e.g., by John WYCLIF and John HUSS. Want for change inside the congregation was expanded by the RENAISSANCE, with its investigation of antiquated writings and accentuation on the person. Different elements that helped the development were the innovation of printing, the ascent of trade and a working class, and political clashes between German rulers and the Holy Roman head. The Reformation started unexpectedly when Martin LUTHER posted 95 postulations on the congregation entryway at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Open assault on the teachings and authority of the congregation followed and prompted Luther's break with the congregation (1520), which the Diet of Worms (1521) neglected to recu perate. His precept was of avocation by confidence alone rather than by holy observances, acts of kindness, and reflection, and it set an individual in direct correspondence with God. Luther's emphasis on perusing the Bible set on the individual a more noteworthy obligation regarding his own salvation. The new church spread in Germany and Scandinavia, particularly among rulers and individuals who sought after a more noteworthy level of opportunity. The contention between the Lutherans and the Catholic Emperor CHARLES V was long and unpleasant. A transitory settlement was reached at the Peace of Augsburg (1555), however proceeded with friction contributed later to the THIRTY YEARS WAR. Outside Germany, an alternate kind of dispute created under Huldreich ZWINGLI in Zurich, and inside Protestantism contrasts emerged, for example, doctrinal contentions on the Lord's Supper. These were discussed, uncertainly, at the Colloquy of Marburg (1529) by Luther and Philip MELANCHTHON on one side and Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius on the other. Increasingly extreme thoughts were spread, especially among the lower classes, by such pioneers as CARLSTADT, Thomas MUNZER, and JOHN OF LEIDEN. In 1536 Geneva turned into the inside for the lessons of John CALVIN, maybe the best scholar of Protestantism. In France the HUGUENOTS, terminated by Calvin's principle, opposed the Catholic larger part in the Wars of RELIGION (1562-98). Calvinism supplanted Lutheranism in the Netherlands, and it spread to Scotland through the eff... ...ermany and Switzerland, yet his perspectives, especially about the TRINITY, were denounced by both Roman Catholics and Protestants. He fled to France, where he picked up acclaim in medication. After he had a work on religious philosophy subtly printed (1553), the INQUISITION moved against him. He got away from jail, yet he was seized in Geneva, on John Calvin’s request, and attempted and consumed there. Tranquility of Augsburg - September 1555-made the division of Christendom perpetual. This understanding perceived a law that had just been settled and by and by: cuius regio, eius religio, implying that the leader of the land would decide the religion of the land. Mary I †( r. 1553-1558) became Queen of England-procceded to reestablish Catholic tenet and practice with a resolve that equaled that of her dad. Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Theresa - Bernini (1598-1680) Italian stone worker and planner, the prevailing player of the Italian BAROQUE. His Roman works incorporate the Churches of Santa Maria della Vittoria which houses his incredible model the Ecstasy of St. Theresa. The "Black Legend" - (Bartolome de Las Casas) depicted all Spanish treatment to Indians as unscrupulous and unfeeling.

Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 Free Essays

string(56) and passes to sell in the business sectors could be withdrawn. Improvement The abolitionist subjugation development created in the mid 1800s was an impressive power in the mission to end servitude. The West India Committee, in an offer to take off assaults, consented to recommendations to improve the state of the slaves. These proposition were called enhancement recommendations and happened in 1823. We will compose a custom paper test on Enhancement and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now The recommendations said that the British government ought to keep in touch with every one of the pioneer governors, proposing that the congregations pass neighborhood laws to improve the state of slaves. The proposition were as per the following: 1. Female slaves ought not be whipped, and the regulators and drivers ought not convey a whip in the fields. . Records ought to be kept of all lashes given to male slaves and all disciplines ought to be procrastinated on for at any rate 24 hours. 3. Strict guidance and relationships were to be supported. 4. Slaves could affirm in court against a liberated person, furnished that a priest provided him with a character reference. 5. Slaves ought to have a break on Saturdays to go to advertise, so they would be allowed to go to chapel on Sunday mornings. 6. Slaves ought not be sold as installment for obligations. 7. There ought to be the foundation of slave investment funds banks which would help captives to set aside cash to purchase their opp ortunity. The disappointment of enhancement These measures were met with furious opposition from states, for example, Jamaica, Barbados, St Vincent and Dominica. Rather than improved conditions for the slaves, they confronted expanded mercilessness from the grower. At long last, the vast majority of the gatherings passed just a couple of the less-significant improvement proposition. Improvement fizzled, yet it gave one of the major forces for the nullification of servitude. It became obvious that the grower were reluctant to improve the lives of the slaves and, all things considered, the main other choice was to stopped bondage. Liberation 1. All slaves in the British Empire were to be liberated on August 1, 1834. 2. Slave youngsters under six years of age were to be liberated right away. 3. Every single other slave were to serve a time of apprenticeship. They were to work for their lords for 401/2 hours out of every week. They would be paid uniquely for extra time. Praedial (field) slaves were to serve six years apprenticeship and non-praedial (local) captives to serve four years. 4. Grower were to keep giving food, cover, dress, clinical consideration and different stipends which they were acquainted with during servitude. Understudies couldn't be sold and they could purchase their opportunity before apprenticeship reached a conclusion. 5. An entirety of ? 20 million was allowed by the British Parliament to remunerate slave proprietors for the loss of their slaves. 6. Stipendiary officers (SMs) were to be sent from England to guarantee the best possible working of the apprenticeship framework and to settle all questions among bosses and students. THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of Apprenticeship a) To give a serene change from subjection to opportunity. b) To ensure grower a sufficient gracefully of work during the period and get ready for full opportunity. ) To prepare students for opportunity, particularly working for compensation. d) To empower the provincial governments to overhaul the arrangement of equity and set up establishments reasonable for a free society. The stipendiary justices were resigned maritime and armed force officials on half compensation, named from Britain and were familiar with unpleasant conditions and upholding discipline. They were picked in light of the fact that they were not associated with the grower class and it was felt that they would not be one-sided. Obligations of stipendiary officers a) To direct the apprenticeship framework. b) To settle questions among bosses and students. ) To visit bequests at normal interims and hold court. d) To investigate prison and workhouses. e) To help with fixing the estimation of slaves who needed to purchase their opportunity. These obligations were difficult and prompted the demise of numerous SMs who were not acclimated with tropical conditions and couldn't bear the cost of the significant expense of clinical treatment. States of business Salary †? 300 for the main year at that point expanded to ? 450 for movement costs and lodging. There was no annuity for dependants if the SM kicked the bucket in administration. There was additionally no wiped out leave and he needed to take care of his own charge home on the off chance that he were excused or unavailable. These awful working conditions kept SMs from playing out their obligations acceptably and many were effectively paid off by grower. They were likewise overburdened by work since they were scarcely any in numbers. The individuals who attempted to carry out their responsibilities were in some cases abused. They were manhandled truly, verbally and in the press and they were frequently deterred in the presentation of their obligations as grower once in a while wouldn't permit them on the bequests. Accomplishment of stipendiary officers a) They tuned in to objections from the two sides and went about as a support among bosses and students. ) They educated disciples regarding their privileges; they didn't need to tune in to babble or get data from papers. c) They helped students to arrange their lives better by offering guidance. Be that as it may, they had next to no to plan plans to improve the social states of the students. They couldn't keep understudies from being rebuffed brutally. D isciplines Apprentices were generally sent to the workhouse. Be that as it may, SMs had no power over what occurred there. The most widely recognized type of discipline in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was additionally the whipping post and understudies could be placed in reformatory packs. Females regularly had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse must be reimbursed by the student by working for his lord during his leisure time. Strategies to control disciples on the bequests †¢ It was unlawful for students to leave the domain without composed authorization. †¢ Valuations on healthy slaves were frequently swelled. †¢ High expenses were charged for the utilization of the business sectors and for licenses to work off the bequests as craftsmen, metal forgers, etc. These licenses and passes to sell in the business sectors could be pulled back. You read Improvement and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 in class Papers Refusal of grower to give standard recompenses. †¢ Finding deficiency with apprentices’, work which must be done over in the apprentices’ spare time. †¢ Locking up students on fraudulent allegations and dropping the charges before the appearance of the SM. †¢ Cutting down apprentices’ natural product trees and prohibiting them to claim domesticated animals. †¢ Spreading the 40 1/2 hours out of each week more than five days rather than four. †¢ Paying low wages, making unreasonable findings from compensation, paying wages late. The End of Apprenticeship finished for ALL disciples in 1838 in light of the fact that: a) The framework was not accomplishing its points. ) The abolitionist servitude society uncovered the maltreatment in the framework and started to crusade for full opportunity. c) The grower dreaded viciousness if household understudies were liberated before field disciples. d) Some grower felt that it was less expensive not to need to accommodate disciples and just to utilize the quantity of workers they required. Note: Antigua allowed full opportunity to their slaves. The grower ruled against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship framework reached a conclusion in 1838 when the provincial governments in every settlement casted a ballot against its continuation. Nineteenth century migration (Part 1) Explanation behind movement 1. A decline in the work power. With the finish of the apprenticeship framework in 1838, the grower not, at this point had a work power they could without much of a stretch control. Students had now picked up their opportunity and many were hesitant to work any whatsoever on the estate. In the littler regions, where the capacity to get to land was constrained and elective occupations were restricted, ex-slaves had no real option except to proceed with estate work. For instance, grower in Barbados and St Kitts had next to no trouble in getting to work in the post-Emancipation period. It was in the enormous domains, for example, Jamaica, British Guiana and Trinidad, that grower confronted such trouble and needed to go to migration conspires as an elective work source. The expectation was that migration would give a lasting wellspring of work for the estates. 2. An endeavor to smother compensation. There was the expectation that movement would produce rivalry for the ex-slaves thus help to hold compensation down. Ex-slaves requested satisfactory compensation, however the grower found that they could smother compensation on the off chance that they could present modest remote work. This, generally, would lessen the interest intensity of the ex-slaves supposing that they declined what was being offered, a worker was very ready to fill the position. In addition, if sugar creation was to proceed, a modest, proficient and solid wellspring of work must be found. Migration conspires THE EUROPEANS Due to a decrease in the white populace, grower looked for European settlers to expand the size of the white populace. It was trusted that Europeans would set a case of industry to ex-slaves and also in the long run form into a working class. They would choose accessible land in the inside, subsequently constraining ex-slaves off the land and back to the ranches. Jamaica imported the biggest number. Europeans likewise went to Trinidad, British Guiana and St Kitts. These workers were basically Scots, Irish, French and Germans. They were enrolled under an abundance framework. Issues with European Immigration Europeans were unacceptable as most kicked the bucket soon after they showed up. They passed on from tropical sicknesses, heat stroke and many drank themselves to death. They likewise would not deal with the estates with blacks. Many requested to be sent home or relocated to the United States. Grower likewise neglected to flexibly legitimate food, safe house and clinical offices. THE PORTUGUESE In Madeira, laborers were paid

Answers, and live updates

Answers, and live updates Hi! Im blogging live from a lecture by architect Steven Holl, the architect of Simmons Hall. Ill update you on the lecture and also answer some pressing questions as the talk goes on First, some CPW answers. I know that some of you have not heard from your host. Do not worry. I assure you that you have a host, and that you will be well taken care of while youre at MIT. Second, since everyone else is doing it, I guess I should tell you where Ill be during CPW: CPW registration headquarters: Thursday, 8am-4pm. MIT Abroad Panel: Thursday, 5:15pm. CPW Welcome for Students: Thursday, 8:30pm. CPW Festival: Thursday, 9:30pm. UROP Panel: Friday, 10am. CPW registration headquarters: Friday, noon-2pm. Residence Panel for Students: Friday, 5pm. Bloggers Party: Friday, 8:30pm. Activities Fair: Saturday, 1-3pm. CPW Farewell: Saturday, 5pm (and probably Battle of the Bands, too). The head of MITs Architecture department, Yung Ho Chang, has introduced Steven Holl. Steven Holl has begun talking, and hes reminding me why I first thought of majoring in Course 4: Architecture at MIT (as you know, I eventually received my degree in Management Science). Famous architects like Holl get to develop grand, often crazy, ideas; he started often with his designs for completely new cities in China. Holl has begun talking about Simmons Hall (where some of you will be staying for CPW). He showed this (in)famous slide from the master planning process for MITs new dorms: Yes, its quite dark in here. Anyway, in the slide above, Holl shows the 4 (!) new dorms he imagined for MIT on Vassar Street; Simmons is the second from the left. Originally, MIT tried to build the dorm on the right (the zig-zaggy one), but ran into zoning problems, among other things, but thats a blog entry for another time. Steven Holl discussing the Chapel of St. Ignatius at Seattle University. Simmons Hall, in case you dont already know what this crazy building looks like. Holl, in answering a question, talks about the power of the mind and the hand. Very MIT. The lecture has ended. It was an interesting talk. Luckily, I believe it was recorded to be viewed on MITWorld look for it there in a few weeks. Im signing off for now. See you at CPW!

Responsibilities Of People Assigned Specific Health And...

Task 1 – P1, P2 P3 P1 Outline the roles and responsibilities of people assigned specific health and safety duties at work Everyone included on a construction site has responsibilities for Health Safety however all are in different way but all very important so that the project runs smoothly. The Client There are two different Clients, Domestic or Commercial. A commercial client is any individual or organisation that carries out a construction project as part of a business. A domestic client is any individual who has construction work carried out on their home. Commercial clients have construction work carried out as part of their business. Domestic clients have construction work carried out for them but not in connection with any business. Commercial clients have a crucial influence over how projects are run, including the management of health and safety risks. Whatever the project size, the commercial client has contractual control, appoints designers and contractors, determines the money, time and other resources for the project. Other things they do: †¢Make sure a qualified HS person is appointed to manage a construction project. †¢Make suitable arrangements. †¢Ensure things run accordingly. If a domestic client these responsibilities would pass on to somebodyShow MoreRelatedRoles And Responsibilities Of People Assigned Specific Health And Safety Duties At Work2548 Words   |  11 Pagesroles and responsibilities of people assigned specific health and safety duties at work Principle Contractor The principle contractor is the contractor in which has overall control of the construction period on projects, which have more than one contractor. During the construction phase there should only be one principle contractor appointed by the client at any one time. The principle contractor has a role under the CDM (construction development management) regulation to manage the health and safetyRead MoreOverview of Workers Protection Acts1504 Words   |  6 Pagesofficers also have the responsibility of making sure every worker becomes versant with code of ethics regarding the assigned duties and protection laws. In case a worker feels mistreated, there are compensatory rules contained in the books of laws. Every worker should feel appreciated and respected to work effectively. Differences in the three acts Here, we are going to review three sample acts governing the plight of workers in country. There is the, work health and safety act 2011. The legislationRead MoreMemo on the OHS Act and Regulation for Western Australia1851 Words   |  7 Pages The OSH Act provides for the promotion, coordination, administration and enforcement of occupational safety and health in Western Australia. The OSH Act places specific responsibilities on employers, employees, self-employed people, manufacturers, designers, importers and suppliers. It moreover places importance on the prevention of accidents and injury. Additionally to the extensive duties set up by the OSH Act, the legislation is further endorsed by level of rulings, generally referred to asRead MoreEssay on Shc 321421 Words   |  6 PagesEngage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Task links to learning outcome 1, assessment criteria 1.1 and 1.2 Personal development and reflective practice is an integral part of working with children and or young people. 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Personal Statement On Professional Growth And Learning

Indicator 1: Professional Growth and Learning My area of refinement was pacing. I addressed this area of concern by continuously practicing purposeful pacing in my instruction and knowing my next moves. I consistently question myself in my lesson planning and on instructional decisions that influence my pacing, to make sure my goals are clear, and that my learners knew exactly what they are learning and doing each day. My students will be prepared for the fast-pace of 5th grade and so forth after having become accustomed to the diligent pace of fourth grade. In regards to pacing, my participation in the EDI book study was immensely valuable. In particular, it shed light on strengths/weaknesses in my pacing. From the book study, I learnt new ideas for making my my instruction more explicit, and how to lend a sense of urgency to my pacing. My students will be better equipped to handle the demands of 5th grade having been recipients of this relentless focus on planning; and, this overall will make my teaching more effective in how new content and skills are delivered, and taught. As a current doctorate student, I am have a continuous focus on improving curriculum and instruction, and am enabled opportunities to incorporate data and technology to focus learning. This continuation of my educational has enabled me with the ability to connect data connect to my students and their learning to ensure the desired outcomes in the class are accomplished, and will continue to provideShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy On Teaching And Implementing A Pbss Over The Last Five Weeks Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagess role in developing and implementing a PBSS over the last five weeks. In gaining a broader depth of knowledge from a leadership perspective, I am learning the responsibilities and grit it takes to succeed in a larger role. 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Information on Self Nude Shooting Free Essays

Group paper Self-nude-shooting ————————————————- Content Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Definition of self-nude-shooting 3 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Information on Self Nude Shooting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reasons of the popularity of self-nude-shooting 4-6 4. Social impact of self-nude-shooting 7-8 5. Mindset of posting or sharing the photos/videos 9 6. The views from different parties in the society 10-11 7. Concluding remarks 12 8. References 13 9. Appendix 13 Introduction: Definition of self-nude-shooting: Self nude-shooting means individual records his/her nude body via some kinds of medium, such as cameras. And the body is shown on photos or videos. Reasons of the popularity of self-nude-shooting: It is found that self-nude-shooting is popular in Hong Kong. The reasons behind has been classified in 4 areas, which are the advancing technology, culture and people belief, the psychological condition of teenagers altered by puberty, and the satisfaction of sexual desires and misunderstandings between couples. * Advancing technology Self-nude-shooting can be carried out through several medium, such as taking photos or recording videos. When people still need a traditional camera to take photos, they needed to print the photo in shop. Compare to nowadays, people can take pictures or videos simply by a digital camera, webcam or even mobile phones and then upload to their own computer as personal collection. This big progress has encouraged people to make a record on any â€Å"memorable† moments. What’s more, the privacy has increased theoretically, thus, people would like to take photos with less ethical limits. This has explained how self-nude-shooting appears. Furthermore, communicating tool is well-developed and widely used these days. Besides putting photos into photo album, people share their photos online. They can post photos in some photo-sharing websites including blogs such as Xanga and YahooBlog, online albums like Flickr. com and Fotop. Net. If they want more interaction from others, they can even upload to the social networking website like Facebook and MySpace. If people post some striking photos, it can attract others’ attentions and get a higher click rate. Some people may gain fulfillment when people are interested in their photos. Culture and people belief The culture of a society has affected people thinking and belief. It is found that self-nude-shooting is popular especially in teenagers. After our discussion, we think that celebrity endorsement has a major impact on people. Edison Chan, the actor, is one of the infamous self-nude-shooting stars in Hong Kong. Even though the media has a cruel criticize towards his behavior, some of the teenagers view his doing as a heroic manner. Some teens appreciate his bravery. * The psychological condition of teenagers altered by puberty Puberty has a great impact on teenagers’ mental condition. During puberty, gonad will produce varies of hormones such estrogen and androgen which stimulate growth and maturate the reproductive system. What’s more, the hormones also affect the emotion. During adolescence, teenagers are more likely to make friends. They started to view their friends and influencing one another. They hope they are be respected and not to be alone. In order to join the peer group, they are asked to behave similarly. This also creates the peer pressure. For example, if their friends are doing self-nude-shooting, they maybe also asked to do t to show their friendship. * The satisfaction of sexual desires and misunderstandings between couples Teenagers are usually curious about the opposite sex. Therefore, their lovers may be the first sources to explore the sex directly. It is found that the people tend to think that showing-off good sexual ability is one way to please their partner. What’s more, during sexual intercourse, they hope they can please t heir partner by using different positioning in order to make more sexual excitement. However, we think this is inappropriate to seek for prolong healthy relationship. A healthy relationship should build beyond caring and respectful connection. Social impact of self-nude-shooting Teenagers and students: * Affect their attitude towards sex: 1. Immature teenagers or students imitate obscene movements. 2. Some of them trust what they see and hear on the internet without recognize what is really right or wrong. (This is because getting more and more self shoot nude pictures on the internet. They may consider this kind of behavior is normal. ) 3. As self shoot nude pictures are very popular on the internet, they can easily access this information, which affects their attitude towards sex. E. g. ome of the young people want to please their partners are willing to have nude self shooting or even photograph during sexual intercourse. 4. Encourage young people to have casual sex. (This is because those self shoot nude pictures may contain scenes of party sex or having sex with different people. ) Adult: * They imitate the obscene movement from those scenes of self shoot nude pictures or video and photograph others nude without noticing them. To the whole: * Challenge social mores. (China is a country where people are paying a lot of attention to ethics since ancient time especially the relationship between men and women. Couples must have sex in private area and our bodies should not show to the public. ) * Concept of sex has been distorted. (Sex is private. The exposed self shoot nude pictures and videos on the internet may cause illusion of open sex. ) * Infringe upon personal privacy. (Some of those shot are not voluntary or informed. ) * Distortions in gender roles. (Some of the self shoot nude photos and videos may contain homosexual sex shots. ) * As this kind of pictures or videos can be easily seen on the Internet, this affects the lives of others. (This is because not Internet users accept those pictures and video. In the long term: * People may have bad attitude towards sex. They may consider sex is open and casual. * This encourages the development of pornography. * People may get addicted to that pornography. * Social mores are being challenged. Example: Social impact of Edison Chen photo scandal * The scandal has shocked the general public and ignited debate about sexual morality. * The blanket coverage of the local press, their reporting style, and the appearance of photographs has also been met with public complaints to TELA. (TELA suspected that at least two journals violated the Obscene Articles Ordinance. * The images reached China mostly through an image-sharing service on Baidu (Tieba). * Beijing Network News Council (BNNC) held a meeting on 18 February to discuss the â€Å"romantic pictures†, and criticised Baidu for spreading the pictures. * Other web sites that actively discouraged the photo distribution, namely Sohu, Sina and Netease, were praised by BNCC. * People imitate to take self shoot nude photos and post on the internet. * People imitate obscene movements from those pictures. The mindset of posting or sharing the photos/videos: They want to be care, be loved and be aware. They think that posting or sharing their naked photos or videos can become a hot spot and draw the others attention. People will be notified by their acts and try to find more details about them. Also they can make new friends or attract people with other sex. People will make some comments on their photos or videos and try to make friend with them. It helps reduce their loneliness and gain the identification from other. They want to show off their sex power to the others. The main reason of this action is that they satisfy with their bodies, they want to be praised and admired by the others about their bodies and poses. Also, they try to treat themselves as observers to view back their bodies from the photos. It can be regarded as one of the sexual parahillia: exhibitionism. They find that this act is exciting, fun and safe. They are proud of their illegalized action. Besides, they think that it’s nothing matter to do this as it is a trend on the Internet, it is also safe when posting their photos or videos on their own blogs with a locked password or no one will recognize them when a nickname or anonymous name is used. Commercial reason. They can find their so call clients after posting their photos and videos on the Internet. Those clients will contact them to undergo sex services. It is well known as compensated dating. They want to fulfill their material satisfaction or gain money by means of compensated dating. The views from different parties in the society: * The public and concerned group: They deem that this act violate the tradition of moral, moral is defined as the restriction of human behaviors and the criterion for right or wrong. People showing their naked bodies to the others wantonly is obviously violating the moral as this act (posting and sharing) will definitely isturb the others, it shows no respect to the public and the naked-photo takers themselves. This kind of irresponsible behavior will badly interfere the next generation. It is easy for the children to imitate teenagers’ and adults’ action. They think that people nowadays (especially teenagers) are gradually becoming too open-minded toward sex. It seems people ignored the proper protection to their bodies. * Teachers and psychologist: Their views are similar to that of the public and concerned groups, some of the psychologists think that the reason for the action owe to the curiosity, excitation and the imitation of the others (e. g. op stars). They deemed that this action cannot prove any true love at all. The partners will be hurt mentally if the photos or videos are posted on the Internet without the consensus of them. * Parents: Parents think that people doing these kinds of behavior can be regarded as a pervert. It is the abnormal behavior. They wonder why people don’t protect their bodies and wantonly place it online. They find it hard to educate and monitor their children if this behavior becomes a trend. It is easy for the children and teenagers to browse the related websites on the Internet anytime. Thus, much time have to be spent to reeducate them. Students: Students hold different opinions toward this action. Some of the students feel the photos or videos are disgusting and it is too open-minded toward sex. They worry that if this action becomes a trend, they will blind to follow or even they will have a negative impression on friends. (They may suspect that whether their friends had taken the naked photos before. ) However, some of the students deem that it doesn’t really matter if people voluntarily take, post or share their photos and videos. We do not have the right to intervene the others’ private life. Concluding remarks: References: http://blog. lyfhk. net/kavkiskey ttp://jorliman. homedns. org/f2blog/rewrite. php/read-466. html http://www. singtao. com/yesterday/edu/0105go01. html http://jou. pccu. edu. tw/weekly/weekly1100-09/1102/deep/1102deep01. htm http://intermargins. net/Forum/2003/xiaxin/news/2002Jan-Jun/20020313a. htm http://www. 3boys2girls. com/viewthread. php? tid=203656extra=page%3D1page=13sid=NRjkDQ http://hk. knowledge. yahoo. com/question/question? qid=7008022100122 http://jou. pccu. edu. tw/weekly/weekly1100-09/1102/ deep/1102deep01. htm http://www. tcmer. com/Newscentre/shui/200802/8693. html http://news. ifeng. com/opinion/200804/0401_23_471731. shtml How to cite Information on Self Nude Shooting, Essay examples

Battle Of Wounded Knee Essay Example For Students

Battle Of Wounded Knee Essay annonOn December 15, 1890 authorities feared that the Siouxs new GhostDance? religion might inspire an uprising. Sitting Bull permitted GrandRiver people to join the antiwhite Ghost Dance cult and was thereforearrested by troops. In the fracas that followed, he was shot twice in thehead. Sitting Bull followers were apprehended and brought to the U.SArmy Camp at Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. Moving among the tipis, soldiers lifted womens dresses andtouched their private parts, ripping from them essential cooking andsewing utensils. The men sitting in the council heard the angry shrieks oftheir wives, mothers, and daughters. Several Lakota, offended by theabusive actions of the cavalry, stubbornly waited to have their weaponstaken from them. It was a show of honor in front of their elders, for fewof them were old enough to have fought in the Indian Wars fifteen yearsbefore. That night, everyone was tired out by the hard trip. James Asay, aPine Ridge trader and whiskey runner, brought a ten-gallon keg of whiskeyto the Seventh Cavalry officers. Many of the Indian men were kept up allnight by the drunken Cavalry where the soldiers kept asking them how oldthey were. The soldiers were hoping to discover which of the men had beenat the Battle of Little Bighorn where Custer was killed. On the bitterly cold morning of December 29, 1890, Alice GhostHorse,a thirteen- year old Lakota girl rode her horse through the U.S Army camplooking for her father, one of the Indian men who had been rounded upearlier that day. Less than fifty yards away she could see her father sitting on theground with other disarmed men from Chief Big Foots band, surrounded bymore than 500 heavily armed soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry. She lookedNorth up the hill where four guns on wheels were mounted. Trooperswatched silently on each side of the Hotchkiss battery. To one side Alice noticed a familiar figure standing with handsraised above his head, his arms turned upward in prayer. It was themedicine man by the name of Yellow Bird. He stood facing the east, rightby the fire pit which was now covered with dirt. He was praying andcrying. He was saying to the spotted eagles that he wanted to die insteadof his people. He must have sense that something was going to happen. Hepicked up some dirt from the fire place and threw it up in the air andsaid, This is the way I want to go, back to dust.Seventh Cavalry interpreter Phillip F. Wells, whose knowledge ofthe Lakota language was poor, later told military investigators that a mannamed Yellow Bird stood up at Wounded Knee and deliberately incited theLakota to fight. Colonel Forsyth gave a bizarre order: each soldier was told to aimhis unloaded gun at an Indians forehead and to pull the trigger. AfterWells translated the demeaning order to the astonished Lakota, they couldnot comprehend this foolishness. Looking at each other, their faces grewwild with fear.Alice then saw two or three sergeants grab a deaf man named BlackCoyote who had yet to be disarmed. His friends had been so busy talkingthat they had left him uniformed. The soldiers tore off his blanket,roughly twirling him around. He raised his rifle above his head to keep itaway from them. In the midst of yelling, jerking, and twisting, thestruggle ended unexpectedly when the rifle pointed toward the east enddischarged in the crisp morning air. .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 , .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .postImageUrl , .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 , .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:hover , .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:visited , .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:active { border:0!important; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:active , .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682 .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5eadc830871f1099e3b4b8d654ecf682:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Andrew Jackson EssayLieutenant James Mann screamed, Fire! Fire on them! On commandthe troops opened fire in an explosive volley, enclosing both attackersand victims in a dark curtain of pungent smoke. That day over three hundred elderly men, women, and children, alldisarmed were brutally murdered. After the genocidal procedure occurred, ablizzard hit, and it was on the forth day that search parties were sentout to bury the dead. A newspaper reporter accompanying the burial party described thefirst body they found as that of a male about twelve years old. The boyhad been shot. He was wearing a ghost shirt embolized with an eagle, buffalo, andmorning-star insignia. They believed that these symbols of powerfulspirits would protect them from the soldiers bullets. Many of the wounded survivors later died or were secretly carriedaway in the night by Lakota from other bands. The dead were buried inhidden locations, and carefully concealed from federal officials who laterunderestimated the death toll at 146, over two hundred less than theactual number butchered an their own land. The frozen bodies were taken to the top of the hill overlookingthe valley where they had died. Gravediggers carved a gaping hole form theearth, six feet deep, ten wide, sixty long. When the orders were given tobury the first load, three soldiers jumped into the grave and each corpsewas given to them one at a time. They stripped them of all salablearticles from the bodies as if they were skinning rabbits. Without prayer services of any kind, the Lakota dead were layeredin a mass grave, first one naked row across the bottom of the trench, andold army blankets were placed over them, then another row of limp bodieslengthwise. And so on they continued until the last mound of dirt wasshoveled on. BIA TakeoverIn 1968, the Indian activist group known as AIM was born. Theactual founding members remain unknown, but Dennis Banks, ClydeBellecourt, and George Miller were prominent in its foundation. The groupwas initially organized to deal with discriminatory practices of thepolice in the arrest of Indians and to fight for the rights of AmericanIndians. In November 1972, members of AIM marched and protested in front ofthe White House in Washington D.C. They had come to complain about thetreatment of the bureau towards them. The group of over 500 then decidedto take over the BIA building. During the instrumental week-long occupation, the Indianscomfortably settled in the building. Cooking, dishwashing, and cleaningwas organized. Guards were appointed and children were looked after. Thiswas amazing considering the amount of people in the building. Then theinevitable arrival of the police surrounded the building. Uniformed inriot gear, the police began to beat Indians standing around the vicinityand haul them to jail. A rainstorm of office materials were thrown at thepolice. Many were discouraged and kept their distance from the entrance. Inside the building, it was not totally chaotic but somewhat of anorganized confusion. Women and children ran for safety and the brave graspvarious weapons and stood their ground. Many were prepared to die in theconfrontation. Indian Reorganization ActThe Indian Reorganization Act, a major reform of U.S policy towardAmerican Indians, was enacted by Congress on June 18, 1934 as a result ofa decade of criticism of conditions on the reservations. It forbade thefurther allotment of tribal lands to individual Indians. It destroyed theold, traditional form of Indian self- government. Power was mainly left tohalf-blood tribal presidents whose alliance was mainly to the U.Sgovernment. Dicky Wilson was the worst of this type. He was accused ofillegally converting tribal funds and having people beaten and murdered. .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 , .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .postImageUrl , .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 , .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:hover , .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:visited , .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:active { border:0!important; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:active , .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0 .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u027bf63e53786116161d43cb86ce0ef0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different methods to grab our attention EssayHe also had Russel Means, a AIM leader, beaten up and sent to thehospital. After that situation, AIM decided to fight back. Siege of Wounded KneeIn February 1973, members of AIM gathered around a courthouse toattend the trial of Wesly Bad Heart who had been stabbed to death by awhite man. Not surprisingly, the murderer was acquitted. The group refused to acceptthe decision. The coiled tension was about to be released by the abusiveactions of the police. Troopers used an array of riot weapons to controlthe masses. Indians set buildings on fire and broke into stores. Thefighting lasted till midafternoon. The group then decided to head to Wounded Knee, an Oglala Siouxhamlet on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota. Everyone begansetting up tents and making bunkers around the Sacred Heart Church. Only afew had rifles and there was only one automatic weapon an AK-47. Manystood silent as they stood on where many of there people were butchered. Around the vicinity stood the Gildersleeve Trading Post and SacredHeart Church. Both had been desecretions of the slaughtered Indians fromthe Original Battle of Wounded Knee. There was a store that sold postcardswith the images of the dead corpses. The church that overlooked the valleywas taken over by the Indians. They stormed in and began to dance Indianfashion. A FBI car arrived to monitor their actions. We challenged them torepeat the massacre that occurred almost a hundred years ago. During the ten-week long takeover at Wounded Knee, the time wasmostly past in boredom. Women were sent to stores to buy food while othersprepared it. The brave and strong women carried weapons. A white manshome became a hospital ran by woman. More and more feds arrived tosurround the area and some shot at people. Some were strolling around inarmored vehicles others walked through the vicinity with attack dogs. Reporters and politicians had also arrived. When food became short, theybegan hunting for elks and bulls. One day a plane flew through and droppedfour hundred pounds of food. Everyone began to swarm around it and unpackit. It was filled with powdered milk, beans, flour, rice, coffee,bandages, vitamins, and antibiotics. Two Indians were dead and many were injured. When an Indian wasshot at and badly hurt, they asked the feds to cease fire. They began towave a white flag. The two thousand Indians had stood their ground atWounded Knee.

Health care marketplace Essay Example

Health care marketplace Paper The healthcare industry is designed to meet the needs of many individuals in terms of their wellbeing. The approach or intervention would be preventive, curative, and soothing to persons who require such. It is also the collaboration of medical technology and human contact to address and tend to the health conditions of millions of people from the newborn to the elderly and the critically ill. Establishments providing healthcare normally function round-the-clock enduring even the harshest of conditions. â€Å"There are about 600,000 establishments that make up the health care industry; they vary greatly in terms of size, staffing patterns, and organizational structures.   Nearly 80% of health care establishments are offices of health practitioners. We will write a custom essay sample on Health care marketplace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Health care marketplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Health care marketplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although hospitals and hospices only comprise only 2% of all healthcare establishments, nevertheless they employ 35% of all workers; nursing and residential care facilities employ close to 24%, and other ambulatory health care services employ 20%.† (Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics) One renowned economist and author of The Health Care Marketplace, Dr. Warren Greenberg, emphasized about the competition of the business that â€Å"[competition] among physicians takes place locally among primary care physicians and on a wider geographical scale among specialists.†[1] Examples of the said competition would be between psychiatrists and psychologists; obgyne and infectious doctors. Furthermore, regarding competition between â€Å"physicians in a fee-for-service practice and those in managed care plans†, he mentions statistics and researches that were â€Å"lesser utilization of healthcare services, such as hospitalization and tests, with managed care plans.†[2] What are then the factors that affect the economics of the healthcare business? The identified factors are location, professional demeanor or behavior, and waiting time. To explain about the professional demeanor a concrete example to this is the behavior or conduct of surgeons in the big city compared to rural surgeons. Undoubtedly, doctors from the urban areas charge more than those in small town areas. â€Å"This demeanor has direct implications on the cost, options, services, and fees in the medical field, and also relationship to doctor education ad government funding for public health.†[3] There are factors that influence the cost of individual treatment. Physicians and doctors are one of the factors and they also cause an effect over the services and assets of hospitals and health care establishments. It is also identified that there are two main market perspectives in the healthcare industry; free market competition and government regulation. The latter is the most preferred of many individuals since they view it as a right rather than a privilege. There have been issuances of medicare programs where the poor and the elderly were given the opportunity to avail of the services in the healthcare industry. But is also a fact that some of the services rendered under the government-subsidized healthcare system lack the quality of service that patients deserve. In fact, critics of government regulation stress out its inefficiency. Then there came the rise of free-market competition. There are many identified reasons for the rise of the cost on healthcare: â€Å"Increase public expectations. New and expensive technology. The belief that healthcare is right. Competition between hospitals, resulting in duplication of technology and other services. The dissociation between cost of service and payee due to third party payers (insurances).†[4] Nonetheless, there is a means of lowering the cost of healthcare and that is coming up with new mechanisms in the implementation of healthcare services that are based on market trends and situations and this would also include the proper budgeting for the said services. Furthermore, it is needed that there is a revision of the practice for different related health professionals to allow them to be in private practice, â€Å"to accept patients without physicians’ referral and with government mandated third party insurance reimursability.†[5] Sources: Greenberg, W. (2002). The Health Care Marketplace. Beard Books. Healthcare Index. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/index.html Web site: http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/market.perspectives.html Melillo, K (1994). Preparing and Preparing Testimony, Guidelines for the Health Care Practitioner Nurse. Patel, K, Rushefshy, M (1995). Health Care Politics and Policy in America. New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc. Bauer, J (1994). What the Doctor Ordered: Reinventing Medical Care in Amreica . Chicago: Probus Publishing. Enthoven, A (1993). Achieving Effective Cost Control in Comprehensive Health Care Reform. Health PAC Bulletin, 13-15. [1] Greenberg, W. (2002). The Health Care Marketplace. Beard Books.   [2] Greenberg, W. (2002). The Health Care Marketplace. Beard Books. [3] Healthcare Index. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/index.html Web site: http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/market.perspectives.html [4]Healthcare Index. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/index.html Web site: http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/market.perspectives.html [5] Healthcare Index. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/index.html Web site: http://www.alternative-medicine.net/healthcare/market.perspectives.html

How to Express Future Time in English

How to Express Future Time in English Legend has it that the final words of French grammarian Dominique Bouhours were, Je vais ou je vas mourir; lun et lautre se dit, ou se disent. In English that would be, I am about to or I am going to die. Either expression is used. As it happens, there are also multiple ways of expressing future time in English. Here are six of the most common methods. the simple present: We leave tonight for Atlanta.the present progressive: Were leaving the kids with Louise.the modal verb will (or shall) with the base form of a verb: Ill leave you some money.the modal verb will (or shall) with the progressive: Ill be leaving you a check.a form of be with the infinitive: Our flight is to leave at 10:00 p.m.a semi-auxiliary such as to be going to or to be about to with the base form of a verb: We are going to leave your father a note. But time is not quite the same as grammatical tense, and with that thought in mind, many contemporary linguists insist that properly speaking, the English language has no future tense. [M]orphologically English has no future form of the verb, in addition, to present and past forms. . . . In this grammar, then, we do not talk about the future as a formal category . . ..(Randolph Quirk et al., A Grammar of Contemporary English. Longman, 1985)[W]e do not recognize a future tense for English. . . . [T]here is no grammatical category that can properly be analyzed as a future tense. More particularly, we argue that will (and likewise shall) is an auxiliary of mood, not tense.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002)There is no future tense ending for English verbs as there is in other languages . . ..(Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy, Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006)English has no future tense, because it has no future tense inflections, in the way that many other languages do, nor any other grammatical form or combination of forms that can exclusively be ca lled a future tense.(Bas Aarts, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011) Such denials of a future tense may sound paradoxical (if not downright pessimistic), but the central argument hinges on the way we mark and define tense. Ill let David Crystal explain: How many tenses of the verb are there in English? If your automatic reaction is to say three, at least, past, present, and future, you are showing the influence of the Latinate grammatical tradition. . . .[I]n traditional grammar, [t]ense was thought of as the grammatical expression of time, and identified by a particular set of endings on the verb. In Latin there were present tense endings . . ., future tense endings . . ., perfect tense endings . . ., and several others marking different tense forms.English, by contrast, has only one inflectional form to express time: the past tense marker (typically -ed), as in walked, jumped, and saw. There is therefore a two-way tense contrast in English: I walk vs I walked: present tense vs past tense. . . .However people find it extremely difficult to drop the notion of future tense (and related notions, such as imperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect tenses) from their mental vocabulary, and to look for other ways of talking about the gramm atical realities of the English verb.(The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003) So from this perspective (and keep in mind that not all linguists wholeheartedly agree), English doesnt have a future tense. But is this something that students and instructors need to be concerned about? Consider Martin Endleys advice for EFL teachers: [T]here is no harm done if you continue to refer to the English future tense in your classroom. Students have quite enough to think about without being troubled by such matters and there is little sense in adding to their burden needlessly. Yet, underlying the dispute is an important issue that does have an obvious bearing on the classroom, namely, the difference between the way the present and past tenses are marked on the one hand, and the way the (so-called) future tense is marked on the other.(Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age, 2010) Fortunately, English does have a future with plenty of ways of expressing future time.

Service quality in the casino industry Literature review

Service quality in the casino industry - Literature review Example From the research it can be comprehended that in today’s competitive environment, when all the service companies are competing to get hold of a large customer base, the main deciding factor would be the quality of the service offered to the customers. Better quality is expected to attract a larger customer base. However, there are certain factors which are also influential in defining the success of the service industry. One such significant element is the customers’ perception about the service and its attributes. To align the service qualities in line with the customers’ preferences and requirements is a great challenge for the service providers. The value and regards, the company offers to its customers, are significant the shape the perception of the customers about the specific service quality. The companies are required to show enough loyalty and commitment to the consumers they are catering to. It is pretty important that the companies must understand the requirement and needs of the customers. The company can encourage the involvement of customers to offer better service to them which would not only meet the requirements but also the expectations of the consumers. It is pretty significant that the service must strengthen the customers’ autonomy with appropriate customisation of the services. The company can assist the customers to choose the better services in compliance with the customers’ requirements and preferences. The attributes of the service must be conveyed to the customers in a way where the service processes are understood and seem to be meaningful to respective customers.

Savings and Weath in Old Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Savings and Weath in Old Age - Essay Example The government is responsible in setting up policies that will help individual to accumulate resources that will aid them when they reach the retirement age or old age. For this reason one finds pension policies, taxation policies, housing policies and policies that govern homes where the old can live. The economy of America depends on the saving behavior of the people. To come up with this kind of behavior, one has to look at the patterns at which people are saving or view savings. Patterns of saving reveal the economic conditions of a country. High savings mean that individuals have high disposable income thus their living standards are better (Graham et. al., 2003). The saving rates of Americans have lately decreased to 5.3% from 7.6% annually. This is because very many Americans have a problem with household debt which has been on the increase. This is because Americans are spending more money in purchasing things that are essential for their existence. There is the problem of the wealth effect where the more an individual owns the more he or she needs to pay for it. The taxation policy really discourages savings and thus when such a wealthy person gets old; they have nothing to spend because he or she spent it securing the wealth. This reduces the accumulation of wealth for usage during the old age (Graham et. al., 2003). For the past ten years, there has been a great... People can quickly acquire liquid cash easily than before. This is increasing the inflation rate thus making things become more expensive and savings reducing completely. When one spends time purchasing goods and services for the use of that particular time, then it means that they have no more cash to keep for later use or for emergencies. Thus wealth is not accumulated and its abundance is a long gone story. This is a negative impact to the people because they have nothing to sustain them when they reach old age (Paul M. et al., 1996). Since the government sets the particular policies that affect the savings behavior of the people, it has the responsibility of coming up with public policies that will increase national savings. These can only be done by making good public policies. It can first of all make contractionary monetary policies to control the circulation of liquid cash within the economy. This will reduce the amount of liquid cash that is circulating within the economy. The action will reduce inflation by making money become scarce to the people. Thus expenditure in goods and services will reduce prompting people to save more (Paul M. et al., 1996). Savings can not be done by the government alone. Americans need to balance their purchase of things to enable them to save for their future which is mostly old age. These can be done through campaigns that are being used to educate individuals against high rates of purchasing. They need to learn to purchase the most important things and leave out those that are less important (Paul M. et al., 1996). The taxation policy by the government is a complete discouragement to saving by

UK Supermarkets Competitive Strategy

UK Supermarkets Competitive Strategy Evaluate how UK supermarkets use market segmentation, targeting and positioning to gain a competitive advantage. 1. Introduction This paper sets out to apply basic segmentation, targeting and positioning concepts to the UK supermarket sector and will evaluate the extent to which the use of these concepts is leading to the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage with any or all of the supermarkets selected. The focus will be on the three major supermarkets: Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury. The paper will begin with an explanation of the concepts and will move on to a description of the strategic positioning of each of the major supermarkets in the current marketplace. Chapter 4 will evaluate the relative success of the three companies chosen and assess the extent to which their approach to segmentation and positioning has enabled them to achieve some measure of competitive advantage. Sources of information are: recognised marketing textbooks, articles from learned journals, newspapers and periodicals and company annual reports and websites. 2. Definitions, explanations and questions 2.1 Definitions of the basic concepts Jobber defines segmentation as â€Å"the identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics which have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy.† [1] It is a process which results in the clustering of people with supposedly similar buying behaviour, such that marketing mixes can be designed to meet the specific needs and wants of people within the cluster. Once the market has been described in terms of an amalgam of homogeneous segments, companies need to decide which, if any, segments to target. Should they adopt a â€Å"niche† approach (like Morgan in the automobile sector), where only one type of vehicle is produced for a specific segment of the market, or should they adopt a â€Å"mass market coverage† approach (like Ford or GM), where vehicles are produced to appeal to the whole range of different requirements across the different segments? Positioning describes the manner by which a company differentiates its products/services from the competition within each target market. Sometimes these differences are very fine. Mercedes and BMW both have, for example, quality images and are priced high relative to most competitors but Mercedes has historically had a greater appeal among older, more conservative drivers and BMW has appealed more to those who see themselves as dynamic and thrusting.[2] 2.2 Segmentation rationale At one level the segmentation process enables companies to tailor their products or services to meet the needs of the market better than competitors and to choose segments which are aligned with their capabilities as a company. They are also able to select segments which are large enough for them to supply efficiently. Segmentation therefore facilitates differentiation, which should improve competitiveness, which should, in turn, lead to higher profitability. Barwise and Meehan draw attention to a possible fallacy in this form of reasoning. They cite the example of the different positioning strategies of One2One (now T-Mobile) and Orange in the battle for market share in the UK mobile telecoms market.[3] Orange offered â€Å"to provide a reliable, high quality overall customer experience with good value for money†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(they) targeted the whole market, not just a specific segment.† [4] One2One, on the other hand, adopted a strongly focused, segmentation strategy. â€Å"†¦it positioned itself as a low-cost, friendly network suitable for people wanting to chat with friends†¦priority on big cities†¦free off-peak local calls.† [5] By far the most successful company (Orange) was the one which offered generic category benefits to the whole market, not a highly segmented approach. This is relevant to an understanding of success in the supermarket sector and will be referred to later. 2.3 Different forms of segmentation Marketing text books describe three basic types of segmentation: Behavioural Psychographic Profile The behavioural category covers: benefits sought, purchasing behaviour and product usage and perceptions and beliefs. The psychographic category covers: lifestyles and personality breakdowns The broad profile category covers: age, gender, stage in the life cycle, social class, geographic location, income.[6] Often a combination of variables across the categories is used. Research Services Ltd, a UK marketing research company, has developed SAGACITY, a segmentation scheme based on a combination of life cycle, occupation and income. They form 12 distinct consumer groupings with differing aspirations and behaviour patterns.[7] A.C. Nielsen, the international marketing research agency, uses a combination of all segmentation categories to describe types of shoppers in supermarkets. They break the market down into 6 distinct groupings: Habit-bound Diehards Comfortable and Contenteds Mercenaries Struggling Idealists Frenzied Copers Self-indulgents [8] The purpose of this breakdown appears to be to: match product and service delivery to the needs and wants of the different segments to identify the potentially most profitable segments One interesting point which emerged from this programme was that segments such as the â€Å"Struggling Idealists† were, at the time the TV programme was made in 2002, not of great interest to supermarkets as they did not spend a lot and insisted on organic and eco-friendly products, which did not seem to be of interest to the mass market . In just 4 years the market has changed dramatically and supermarkets are allocating significantly more shelf-space to such products and aim to attract shoppers with â€Å"green† values.[9] The segment has grown in terms of its potential value to supermarkets. This highlights the need for a creative and dynamic approach to segmentation. Orange now uses data-mining software within a sophisticated CRM (Customer Relationship Management) system to monitor segments on a day-to-day basis and to adjust its service approach accordingly. It will, for example adjust its pricing and service delivery to the value of the customer. Premium customers are immediately recognised by call-centres and accorded priority in the queuing system.[10] This keen focus on the most profitable customers contrasts with most supermarkets, which offer separate tills for customers who have not bought much, allowing them to move more quickly through the checkouts than the customers with laden trolleys. This will again be referred to in later sections. 2.4 Competitive Advantage Finally, in this chapter, a few clarifying words on the meaning, and sources, of competitive advantage, with specific reference to the supermarket sector. Grant defines the concept as follows: â€Å"When two firms compete†¦one firm possesses a competitive advantage over the other when it earns a higher rate of profit or has the potential to earn a higher rate of profit.†[11] It is important to note the main point here; competitive advantage relates to profitability or potential profitability, not to revenue, market share or more qualitative measures such as image or reputation. This is the definition which will be applied in this paper. The international consulting company, Accenture, published last year a paper called â€Å"Consuming Passions†, a study of the six leading global retailers. One of its aims was to identify the common factors which led to their high performance in the market over a long period of time.[12] It identified six core competencies which underpin high performance in the retail sector: strategic intent customer focus innovation and commercialisation operational excellence alliances and collaboration talent management[13] In the introduction to the paper the authors state: â€Å"The name of the winning game is differentiation that is meaningful and relevant to the customer base. But this isn’t just a matter of offering new products and services; those products and services must also be highly distinctive, relevant to target customers and in the right stores, with the right price and promotion combination and at the right time.†[14] These ideas will be developed further in the next chapter when examining the individual supermarket companies. 3. The Major Supermarkets 3.1 Overview The UK supermarket sector is highly concentrated. The five leading companies together have 73% of the total market. Only France has a more concentrated market, with 78% being taken up by the top five.[15] Until the mid 1990s Sainsburys was market leader but the number one position was taken by Tesco in 1996 and they have since grown market share to 30% plus of the UK market. Sainsbury is now in third position behind Asda, which was bought by Walmart in 1999. The paragraphs below briefly describe the current financial situation of each company, their strategic marketing focus and the extent to which each appears to be applying segmentation approaches. Most of the information comes from the respective company websites. 3.2 Tesco[16] In 2005 Tesco achieved sales turnover of  £37.1 bill. and profits of  £2,029m. Profits and sales have grown consistently over the past 5 years. Profits from 2004-5 grew by 20.5% on sales growth of 12.4%. The company employs 360,000 people worldwide and has 2,000 stores. 111 new stores are planned for 2006. Its long-term strategy is based on four parts: growth in the core UK business expansion from international growth to be as strong in non-food as in food to follow customers into new retailing services Tesco appears to take customer focus and staff focus very seriously. An ongoing project entitled â€Å"Every Little Helps† is in process which has used question times with more than 9,000 customers to help them to understand how they can best improve service to customers on a day-to-day basis. This has resulted in parking bays for trolleys (to stop annoying customers), extra staff on checkouts (to reduce waiting times) and fresh food counters and self-service cafes for customers in a hurry. Using their Clubcard as the data source Tesco send out mailings every quarter to 11million customers. The mailings have an annualised value to customers (if they use them) of  £250m. and can be adjusted to take account of individual customer buying behaviour. Tesco has a range of different stores in line with its belief that: â€Å"Customers have different needs at different times so we tailor our stores as well as our products. From Value to Finest and from Express to Extra, there’s something for everyone at Tesco.†[17] Value products are low-priced basics for customers on a tight budget. Finest are products with the finest ingredients for customers who appreciate fine food and are prepared to pay higher prices for higher quality. Express are smaller stores in local communities for people who would find it difficult to get to a large Tesco store. Metro are stores in town and city centres for the convenience of customers who prefer to shop in town rather than in the Superstores out of town. These Superstores are particularly for one-stop shoppers who can find â€Å"everything they need for their weekly shopping†[18]. They carry not only a wide range of food lines but also the most popular Tesco non-food lines. Tesco Extra is a major new development focusing on non-.food lines, but with extensive food and convenience lines. As only 20% of the UK population has access to such stores Tesco intends opening 20 more this year. For all health-conscious customers (viz. the â€Å"struggling idealists† in 2.3) Tesco has introduced better labelling, diet guides and â€Å"Free-from† and organic ranges. For price-conscious customers who also like good service they have introduced the â€Å"Step Change† programme and â€Å"Everyday Low Pricing†. For the growing number of customers who prefer to order from home and get home deliveries Tesco provides an on-line service which now supplies 150,000 customers/day. 3.3 Asda It is difficult to obtain separate financial results for Asda Wal-Mart as the figures are hidden away in Wal-Mart’s consolidated accounts. The corporate website in the UK is also not nearly as transparent about strategic and marketing issues as Tesco, Sainsbury, Waitrose and Morrisons. Figures therefore, for the most part, need to be gleaned from outside sources or estimated. Figures quoted below are taken, for the most part, from Datamonitor.[19] In 2005 Asda had a sales turnover of  £16.25bill., a growth of 19.8% over the previous year. Since Wal-Mart bought the company in 1999 market share in the UK has risen from 13% to 16%, putting them in second position ahead of Sainsbury. The company has 265 Asda stores, 19 superstores, 1 pilot store in General Merchandising and 6 trial George stores specialising in fashion clothing. The company plans to open 10-12 new stores each year. â€Å"60% of Asda’s sales are currently in grocery items, although it intends to build on the growth of non-food products in store, which may well change this balance. Asda sells six own-brand labels: Asda Smartprice, Asda, Good for You, Asda Organic, Asda Extra Special and More for Kids.†[20] Asda management appears to plan to grow in the future via more stores, a focus on clothing (via its George fashion range Asda has now overtaken Marks and Spencer as the UK’s largest clothing retailer[21])and non-food, growth from specialist outlets within the stores: opticians, jewellers and photographic and possibly a greater push into the children’s market. Their main marketing thrust – in-line with the Wal-Mart reputation – is to be seen by the mass market as the price leader. They in fact claimed to be the â€Å"official lowest price supermarket in the UK† but this was based on a survey of just 33 lines and, after complaints from Tesco, the claim had to be lifted.[22] Since Wal-Mart’s takeover of Asda there has been an ongoing price war with Sainsbury and Tesco, which has raised Asda’s profile as a low-price store. Apart from price the main differentiators are the twin focuses on non-food and clothing and the particular focus on the kids market. Like Tesco and Sainsburys they are also trying to attract higher income and â€Å"green† customers with its â€Å"Good for You†, â€Å"Organics† and â€Å"Asda Extra Special† brands. They also have an on-line ordering and delivery service. Asda undoubtedly has an image problem because of its association with Wal-Mart. â€Å"Asda has been criticised for misleading advertising, using suppliers who are known to have illegal employment practices, ignoring planning regulations and destroying greenbelt land, lack of serious environmental policy and blatant greenwash. With its ‘strategy of consolidation’, copied directly from Wal-Mart, Asda pursues an aggressive takeover policy of small towns, wiping out local competition and local jobs. False claims by the company about value and convenience, have been challenged, along with the exploitation of every opportunity to push impulse buying.†[23] No specific evidence was found, but negative information, such as the above about Wal-Mart, abounds on the internet and it is probable that this will make it more difficult for Asda to position itself such that it attracts the more educated, aware customers. 3.4 J Sainsbury Sainsbury achieved total sales in 2005 of  £16.36bill. and profits after tax of  £65m. This compared with slightly lower sales in the previous year and a significantly larger profit then of  £404m.[24] Sainsbury appears to be struggling. It has suffered from severe price competition from Asda and Tesco and also failed to implement effectively a new logistics system, which resulted in severe out-of-stock problems which alienated customers. The company has 727 stores in all, 465 of which are supermarkets and 262 are the smaller convenience stores. It employs 153,000 people. Sainsbury is currently undergoing a change programme entitled â€Å"Making Sainsbury’s Great Again 2007/8†[25]. Some elements of this programme are very relevant to its positioning in the market. In line with Barwise and Meehan’s thinking on â€Å"generic category benefits†[26] Sainsbury wish to restore the universal appeal of the brand. This comprises four elements: be all inclusive (appeal to all segments of the market) have a clear product hierarchy: GOOD, BETTER, BEST (not assuming that certain segments go for a defined quality of product but that all customers chop and change). invest in price and quality ( £400m in 2006) scale to succeed (ensure that there is sufficient overall demand in the chosen products/markets to get costs down to a manageable level) This all translates into a customer proposition which their annual report describes as follows: great food/fair prices market leaders in quality and innovation complementary non-food straightforward formats: supermarkets, convenience and Sainsbury’s to You(on-line) bank Sainsbury advertising focuses on two messages: we have reduced price on 4000 lines â€Å"Try something new today† The former has clear universal appeal and aims to enable Sainsbury to compete on price with Asda and Tesco. The former appears to be focused more on higher income categories (the â€Å"Self-indulgents† and â€Å"Comfortable and Contenteds† mentioned in 2.3. 4. Conclusions and final thoughts In a 1994 article on segmentation in the retail sector the following statement is made: â€Å"†¦any strategic option depends on clear positioning against competitors and customer groups (and the ) approach of integrating competitive analysis with market segmentation is a necessary first step to achieving a better understanding of the retailing environment and formulating effective marketing strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦supermarket retailers must attract customers from different and often incompatible market segments.† [27] This statement still appears to have validity to-day. All three supermarkets mentioned in this paper wish to attract customers from the higher income AB socio-economic category by offering them better service, high quality and tasty foods, organic foods and a clean and welcoming atmosphere. These customers will spend more and will buy products which offer the retailer higher margins. At the same time all supermarkets seek to position themselves as low price operators, thus appealing to lower income groups and those across all income groups who seek bargains (the â€Å"mercenaries† in 2.3). It is the observation of the writer that Tesco is clearly the most successful at positioning itself to appeal to both ends of the spectrum. According to data in Morrisons’ 2005 annual report about 25% of Sainsbury’s customers fall into the AB category whereas with Tesco it is only 20% and with Asda it is about 17%. Asda on the other hand (from the same annual report) rates very highly in terms of customer perception of value for money, Tesco is slightly lower and Sainsbury is even below Waitrose, a store which is traditionally associated with high prices. All realise that location is vital and that even to-day’s motorised customer will not put herself about too much to go to stores too far away. Hence all are moving towards the development of smaller stores to attract local communities. All use brand loyalty cards, but Tesco appears to be the most successful at using data on the card to enable it to adjust offerings to individual customer requirements. There are great similarities between the companies and their marketing approaches. Each follows the other very closely. What appears to make Tesco stand out is not so much a more sophisticated approach to segmentation and differentiation, but – one of the key competencies in the Accenture report, â€Å"Consuming Passions†[28] its ability to combine a clear strategy with operational excellence. At the time of writing (April 25, 2006) Tesco has just released performance figures for the past 12 months. They indicate a 13.2% growth in sales and a 16.7% growth in before tax profit. [29] BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Barwise B. and Meehan S (2004), Simply Better, Harvard Business School Press Grant RM (1997), Contemporary Strategic Analysis, Blackwell Jobber D. (2004), Principles and Practice of Marketing, McGraw Hill Kotler P. and Armstrong G.(2004), Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Journals/Reports Anonymous author of â€Å"Asda Group Limited† in Datamonitor, June, 2005 Anonymous author of â€Å"Organics UK† in Mintel Report, November 2005 Mann S., Smith J. and Trouvà © O. (2006), â€Å"Consuming Passions†, Accenture industry report in Outlook 2005 Segal M. and Giacobbe R. (1994), â€Å"Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailing†, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol.22, No.1, pp.38-48 Internet sources www.asda.co.uk www.corporatewatch.org.uk www.guardian.co.uk www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/textbooks/jobber www.morrisons.co.uk www.npr.org www.sainsbury.co.uk www.tesco.com Footnotes [1] Jobber (2004), Principles and Practice of Marketing, p. 210 [2] From A to B, Channel 4, 1998 [3] Barwise and Meehan (2004), Simply Better, p. 4 [4] Barwise and Meehan, pp. 3-4 [5] Barwise and Meehan, pp. 4-5 [6] Jobber, p. 214 [7] Jobber, p. 224 [8] Shop ‘till you drop, Channel 4, 2002 [9] Organics UK, November, 2005, Mintel Report [10] Orange: a Fruitful Passion, supplementary case on the Jobber website, www.mcgraw- hill.co.uk/textbooks/jobber [11] Grant R.M., Contemporary Strategic Analysis, p.151 [12] Mann S., Smith J. and Trouvà © O., Consuming Passions, Accenture, 2005 [13] Mann et al, p. 9 [14] Mann et al, p.3 [15] Mann et al, p.7 [16] www.tesco.com [17] www.tesco.com [18] www.tesco.,com [19] Asda Group Limited, Datamonitor, June, 2005 [20] Asda Wal-Mart: a Corporate Profile, www.corporatewatch.org.uk, Nov. 2004 [21] www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,1288594,00.html [22] Th e Marketplace Report: Wal-Mart’s UK Strategy, www.npr.org, August 17, 2005 [23] www.corporatewatch.org.uk, November 2004 [24] www.sainsbury.co.uk Annual Report 2005 [25]www.sainsbury.co.uk Annual Report 2005 [26] Barwise and Meehan(2004), Simply Better [27] Segal M and Giacobbe R (1994), Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailing, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, p. 45 [28] Mann, Smith and Trouvà ©, Consuming Passions [29] tesco.com, press release on April 25, 2006

Choice theory

The term choice theory has originated from the work of Dr. William Glasser, MD, an American psychiatrist from Cleveland, Ohio; and which was popularized through his book of the same title released in 1998. Choice theory is the culmination of Glasser’s research work on psychology and counseling spanning 50 years. It used to called control theory, and is the foundation of Glasser’s Reality Therapy, a particular approach used in psychotherapy and counseling which was developed in the 1960’s. This approach focuses on the present emotional status of a person and the possible ways on creating a better future, instead of concentrating on his past.Reality therapy establishes a person’s ability in making decisions, taking actions in his life, and being able to control his life. This approach allows a person in discovering what they really want in their lives, and learns whether their current activities are actually leading them to their actual goals. Reality therap y has gained a decent following in the United States and is now widely used in the field of education. Choice theory considers that behavior is the center of human existence. Human existence is further determined by the five genetically driven needs, which includes survival, belonging, power, freedom, and fun.According to Maslow, survival includes man’s basic biological needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. The remaining four are the fundamental psychological needs. This theory considers that among the five, the most important need is love, or belonging, due to the fact that a person’s closeness to the people he love and care about is an essential factor in satisfying all the five needs. Choice theory also includes the â€Å"seven caring habits†: supporting, encouraging, listening, accepting, trusting, respecting, and negotiating differences.Against these habits are the â€Å"seven deadly habits†: criticizing, blaming, complaining, nagging, threateni ng, punishing, and bribing or rewarding in order to control. Choice theory and the seven caring habits are aimed to replace and counteract the so-called external control psychology and the seven deadly habits, which is believed to be the present state of mind of most people in the world. The seven deadly habits are believed to be destroying relationships because it ruins a person’s ability to find satisfaction in his relationship.This further results to people getting disconnected from the people they care about, and which would prove to be the cause of most problems in the society at present: illnesses, depression, substance abuse, and uncontrolled violence, and rising crime rates. Choice theory then presents ten axioms, and these are: 1. The only person whose behavior we can control is our own. 2. All we can give another person is information. 3. All long-lasting psychological problems are relationship problems. 4. The problem relationship is always part of our present life . 5.What happened in the past has everything to do with what we are today, but we can only satisfy our basic needs right now and plan to continue satisfying them in the future. 6. We can only satisfy our needs by satisfying the pictures in our Quality World. 7. All we do is behave. 8. All behavior is Total Behavior and is made up of four components: acting, thinking, feeling and physiology. 9. All Total Behavior is chosen, but we only have direct control over the acting and thinking components. We can only control our feeling and physiology indirectly through how we choose to act and think. 10.All Total Behavior is designated by verbs and named by the part that is the most recognizable. The idea of the existence of a â€Å"quality world† is presented by choice theory, which states that a person, beginning at birth and throughout his life, places everything important to him, including people, his beliefs, materials things, and other valuables into this world. The person then b ehaves throughout his life to achieve a real world based on his quality world. Related to the ideas of a person’s real and quality worlds is the â€Å"comparing place† where the real world is compared to the quality world.With the idea of â€Å"total behavior†, Glasser believes that among the four components, a person can only exert control over two, which are acting and thinking; and have limited capacity to influence the other two, feeling and physiology. As these four are interconnected, the manner by which a person acts and thinks has tremendous impact on his feelings and physiology. Glasser’s choice theory is one that is based psychology. The theory further states that most mental illnesses being experienced by most people in the world are caused by unhappiness.Mental illness is actually brought about by a person’s unhappiness and dissatisfaction in life. Although contested by most mainstream psychiatrists, Glasser’s theory is now used in a wider range of social issues including education, family, management, and mental health. His theories have gained popularity not only in the United States where they are most commonly used in education, but also in the global arena. Glasser’s choice theory is all about being able to choose how to live happily, how to make better decisions that satisfy a person’s need, how to responsibly take action, and how to take control of one’s life.This theory is all about living satisfactorily in order to lessen unhappiness, promote better relationships among people, and therefore eliminate mental illness in the world today. Sources: Furr, Lee W. and W. Hugh Furr. (2006, March 14). Choice Theory Psychology. [Electronic Document]. http://www. choicetheory. com/ The William Glasser Institute. (2006, May 11). Choice Theory. [Electronic Document]. http://www. wglasser. com/whatisct. htm Schneller, Peter L. (2005, August 30). Choice Theory. [Electronic Document]. http://ra ider. muc. edu/~schnelpl/Control Theory – Overhead. html